Congenital Limb Differences

What are congenital limb differences?

Babies withcongenital limb differencesare born with arms, legs, fingers, or toes that are missing, not fully formed, or formed differently.

Some congenital limb differences are related to conditions that affect a specific limb or part of a limb. For instance,radioulnar synostosisaffects the forearm whilefibula hemimeliaaffects the lower leg. Other limb differences are related to conditions that may affect many different parts of the body, such asskeletal dysplasia.

Some congenital limb differences tend to occur with one or more other conditions. For instance, some patients withcleft handsalso have cleft lip, foot abnormalities,deafness, or congenital conditions that affect theheartand digestive systems.

Congenital limb differences - general

• achondroplasia
• arthrogryposis
• leg- and arm- length discrepancy
• skeletal dysplasia

Congenital differences of the arm and hand

• cleft hand
• clinodactyly
• macrodactyly
• Madelung's deformity
• polydactyly
• radial longitudinal deficiency
• radioulnar synostosis
• symbrachydactyly
• syndactyly
• ulnar longitudinal deficiency

Congenital differences of the leg and foot

• cleft foot
• clubfoot
• congenital short femur/proximal focal femoral deficiency (PFFD)
• femoral anteversion
• fibular hemimelia
• metatarsus adductus
• tarsal coalition
• tibia hemimelia
• tibial torsion

What are the symptoms of a congenital limb difference?

The most common symptoms of congenital limb differences include:

• complete or partial absence of a limb (such as fibula hemimelia or a partial or completely missing bone)
• overgrowth (one limb is much larger than the other limb)
• undergrowth (one limb is much smaller than the other limb)
• a portion of the limb is fused or webbed (commonly seen in fingers or toes)
• duplication (commonly seen as extra fingers or toes)

How common are congenital limb differences?

Some congenital limb differences are more common than others. One out of every 1,000 babies is born with extra fingers or toes for instance. By comparison,amniotic band syndromeoccurs in one out of every 10,000 to 15,000 births.

Are congenital limb differences inherited?

Most congenital limb differences occur with no known cause. Certain conditions, such as extra fingers or toes, may be a passed down through families.

What causes congenital limb differences?

While we still don't know what causes most congenital limb differences, certain factors can increase a baby’s risk. These include:

• exposure of the mother to chemicals or viruses during pregnancy
• certain medications taken during pregnancy

在怀孕期间接触烟草烟雾会公司rease a baby’s risk of being born with a limb difference, but more research is needed to confirm that the two are linked.

How are congenital limb differences diagnosed?

Some congenital limb differences are first detected during aprenatal ultrasound, before the baby is born. For instance, 80 percent of clubfeet can be diagnosed through ultrasound by 24 weeks. This gives expecting parents a chance to learn about treatment options and plan ahead before their child is born.

If a limb difference is not diagnosed before birth, it can also be seen and diagnosed as soon as a child is born. The doctor will conduct a physical exam. In rare cases, a doctor may order anx-rayorMRIto confirm the diagnosis. These tests may also help them look for signs of an underlying bone issue.

How are congenital limb differences treated?

The primary goal of treatment is to ensure the child will have as much use of their limb as possible so they have the opportunity grow up to be independent and self-confident.

Depending on the limb difference and how it affects the child, treatment may include:

• physical therapyandoccupational therapyto increase strength and function
• splint or brace to support the affected limb
• surgery, such asreconstructive or limb-lengthening surgery, to correct the limb difference
• an artificial limb (prosthetic)

How we care for congenital limb differences at Boston Children’s Hospital

The Orthopedic Center’sLimb Lengthening and Reconstruction Program,Lower Extremity Program, andHand and Orthopedic Upper Extremity Programand our Department of Plastic and Oral Surgery’sHand and Reconstructive Microsurgery Programhave treated thousands of babies and children with congenital limb differences. We treat a broad range of conditions, from routine to highly complex limb differences, and can provide your child expert diagnosis, treatment, and care. We also offer the benefits of some of the most advanced clinical and scientific research in the world.

OurOrthopedic Centeris nationally known as the preeminent center for the care of children and young adults with a wide range of developmental, congenital, neuromuscular, sports-related, traumatic, and post-traumatic problems of the musculoskeletal system.

OurDepartment of Plastic and Oral Surgeryis one of the largest and most experienced pediatric plastic and oral surgery centers anywhere in the world. We provide comprehensive care and treatment for a wide variety of congenital and acquired conditions, including hand deformities.